Nursing Informatics and the Foundation of Knowledge
McGonigle, Dee; Mastrian, Kathleen; & Kathleen Mastrian
Fourth edition
Questions & Answers from this book
Questions and answers are connected to the referenced book and its available source material.
Chapter 4: Introduction to Cognitive Science and Cognitive Informatics
What is cognitive informatics and how does it bridge the gap between the mind and the computer?
Cognitive informatics is an emerging transdisciplinary field that studies how information is processed in the human mind and in the computer. It bridges the gap by using computing and informatics theories to explain brain information processing, while also using cognitive and neurologic sciences to create more efficient computer processing systems.
What is cognitive informatics and how does it relate to cognitive science and artificial intelligence?
Cognitive informatics is an emerging transdisciplinary field that studies how information is processed in both the human mind and computers, aiming to bridge the gap between them. It relates to cognitive science because cognitive science studies the mind, intelligence, and behavior from an information-processing perspective, while cognitive informatics uses informatics and computing techniques to investigate cognitive processes and also applies cognitive theories to improve computing and software engineering. Artificial intelligence is a related field that uses cognitive science and computer science to replicate and generate human intelligence, and cognitive informatics findings can be modeled in AI to create more efficient computing applications.
Chapter 6: History and Evolution of Nursing Informatics
Chapter 7: Nursing Informatics as a Specialty
Chapter 8: Legislative Aspects of Nursing Informatics: HITECH and HIPAA
Chapter 9: Systems Development Life Cycle: Nursing Informatics and Organizational Decision Making
Chapter 10: Administrative Information Systems
What is the TIGER initiative and what did the group determine about informatics competencies for healthcare workers?
The TIGER (Technology Informatics Guiding Education Reform) initiative began in 2004 when a group of nurses came together after a national informatics conference to ensure nursing was equally recognized in the national informatics movement. The group determined that using informatics is a core competency for all healthcare workers and that many nurses lack information technology skills, limiting their ability to access evidence-based information for daily practice. They are currently working on a plan to include informatics courses in all levels of nursing education and later reach practicing nurses not enrolled in academic programs.
How does the chapter illustrate the potential of EHR technology and a nationwide HIT infrastructure to address healthcare quality issues, using healthcare-associated infections as an example?
The chapter uses healthcare-associated infections to show how a nationwide HIT infrastructure could apply existing tracking methods to all surgical patients, not just Medicare patients. If EHRs captured whether each surgical patient received a prophylactic antibiotic within the recommended hour before surgery and linked that to postsurgical wound infection rates, providers could build evidence-based care plans and deliver consistent quality across every facility. Reducing the estimated 1.7 million annual cases would also save billions of dollars.
Chapter 12: Electronic Security
What is the difference between structural and semantic interoperability in health information exchange?
Structural interoperability relates to the format and structure of exchanged data, so data fields from one system can automatically populate appropriate fields in another system, often using standards such as Health Level Seven. Semantic interoperability requires data that is standardized or mapped to shared terminologies, allowing information systems to interpret, analyze, and act on the data, making it the highest and most complex form of interoperability.
What measures should healthcare organizations take to protect EPHI on mobile devices used offsite?
Healthcare organizations should require data encryption and VPN use for offsite EPHI transmission, keep only essential data on mobile devices, and use tracking or remote deletion tools in case of loss or theft. They should adopt policies covering remote use and device removal, restrict remote access to organization-configured computers, disallow administrator privileges, use sandboxed VPN sessions, and train users in safe remote computing practices.
Chapter 15: Informatics Tools to Promote Patient Safety and Quality Outcomes
Chapter 16: Patient Engagement and Connected Health
Chapter 17: Using Informatics to Promote Community/Population Health
What is prevention informatics and how does it differ from traditional public health informatics approaches?
Prevention informatics is a proactive approach, advocated by Fuller, that harnesses real-time social data so that prevention responses can be mounted before health problems spread, such as using flu-related Internet searches to prompt school closures. It differs from traditional public health informatics, which has largely focused on reacting to issues and timely intervention rather than using information technology for disease prevention.
What are the four principles of public health informatics as defined by Yasnoff and colleagues?
The four principles defined by Yasnoff and colleagues are: (1) applications promote the health of populations, (2) applications focus on disease and injury prevention, (3) applications explore prevention at all vulnerable points in the causal chain, and (4) public health informatics reflects the governmental context in which public health is practiced.
Chapter 20: Simulation, Game Mechanics, and Virtual Worlds in Nursing Education
Chapter 21: Nursing Research: Data Collection, Processing, and Analysis
Chapter 22: Data Mining as a Research Tool
What is the difference between the Internet of Things (IoT) and the Internet of Everything (IoE) as described in the chapter?
IoT focuses only on sensor networks, meaning machines communicating with other machines and the data that results. IoE is the next step beyond IoT, arising as connected things gain more capabilities and as more people and new information become connected, creating a vast network of networks with billions or trillions of connections.
What are the four major components of a simulation according to the PEDA model, and why is the debrief considered the most important translational component?
The four major components of a simulation in the PEDA model are pre-brief, enactment, debrief, and assessment. Debrief is considered the most important translational component because, when done well, it helps learners reflect on the authentic experience and solidifies learning by facilitating the transfer of theory and skills to real practice settings.
Chapter 23: Translational Research: Generating Evidence for Practice
Chapter 24: Bioinformatics, Biomedical Informatics, and Computational Biology
What are the key differences between bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and computational biology as described in the chapter?
Bioinformatics is the interdisciplinary field that develops and applies computational tools to manage, store, analyze, and interpret biological data such as DNA, RNA, and protein sequences. Computational biology is the action-oriented complement that focuses on analyzing and interpreting data using mathematical modeling, algorithms, and simulation. Biomedical informatics applies bioinformatics and related methods specifically to health care and patients, aiming to improve disease detection, prevention, and treatment.
How does the chapter suggest that genomics will change clinical care?
The chapter predicts that clinical care will shift from a trial-and-error approach to genomics-based care. Clinicians will use each patient's genetic test results to select medications that work for that individual and avoid harmful side effects. Understanding molecular mechanisms will also improve disease classification, prevention, and treatment, making care based on the patient's genome.
Chapter 25: The Art of Caring in Technology-Laden Environments
Chapter 26: Nursing Informatics and the Foundation of Knowledge
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