Medical Terminology: An Illustrated Guide, Ninth Edition
Barbara Janson Cohen, Shirley Jones
Ninth Edition
Questions & Answers from this book
Questions and answers are connected to the referenced book and its available source material.
Chapter 1: Concepts, Suffixes, and Prefixes of Medical Terminology
Define the term 'geriatrician' by breaking down its word parts: ger/e, iatr/o, -ic, and -ian.
The term 'geriatrician' can be broken down into the following parts: 'ger/e' meaning 'old', 'iatr/o' meaning 'treatment' or 'physician', '-ic' indicating 'pertaining to', and '-ian' denoting 'specialist'. Therefore, a geriatrician is a specialist in the treatment of older adults.
How do you form the plural of the word 'testis' according to the chapter on medical terminology?
The plural of the word 'testis' is 'testes'.
Chapter 2: Body Structure
How does the chapter define the difference between the dorsal and ventral cavities?
The dorsal cavity is located at the back of the body and contains the brain and spinal cord, while the ventral cavity is situated at the front and includes the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity, separated by the diaphragm.
What are the nine regions of the abdomen as described in the chapter on Body Structure?
The nine regions of the abdomen are the right hypochondriac, left hypochondriac, epigastric, right lumbar, left lumbar, umbilical, right iliac, left iliac, and hypogastric regions.
What is the definition of karyotype as described in the chapter?
A karyotype is defined as a picture of a cell's chromosomes organized according to size.
Chapter 3: Disease and Treatment
What are the different methods by which biopsy specimens can be obtained according to the chapter?
Biopsy specimens can be obtained through several methods: needle withdrawal (aspiration), a small punch of the skin, endoscopy, and surgical removal of a tumor or node. Additionally, liquid biopsies can analyze cancerous cells or tumor DNA in circulating blood.
How do chlamydia and rickettsia differ from typical bacteria according to the chapter?
Chlamydia and rickettsia differ from typical bacteria in that they are extremely small and can only grow within living host cells. Unlike typical bacteria, which can often survive independently, these two groups require a host for their life cycle.
How is 'paracentesis' performed according to the terminology in the chapter?
Paracentesis is performed by puncturing a cavity to remove fluid. This procedure is typically done using a thin tube called a catheter, which is inserted into the cavity to facilitate fluid drainage.
Chapter 4: Integumentary System
What are the primary causes that contribute to the development of pressure ulcers according to the chapter on the integumentary system?
The primary causes contributing to the development of pressure ulcers include poor general health, malnutrition, age, obesity, and infection. These factors lead to interrupted circulation, resulting in tissue death and ulceration.
How does the structure of hair and nails differ according to the chapter?
Hair and nails differ in their development and structure. Hair grows from a follicle within the skin, while nails develop from a growth region at the proximal end, with the cuticle being an extension of the epidermis onto the nail plate.
Chapter 5: Skeletal System
What is the difference between the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton as described in the chapter?
The axial skeleton forms the central core of the body and includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. In contrast, the appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the limbs and the girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton, including the shoulder girdle and pelvic bones.
What are the two main divisions of the human skeleton and what bones are included in each division?
The two main divisions of the human skeleton are the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thorax, while the appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the shoulder girdle, upper extremities, pelvic bones, and lower extremities.
Chapter 6: Muscular System
What are the criteria used for naming muscles according to the chapter on the muscular system?
Muscles can be named based on several criteria, including their location, the direction of their fibers, size, shape, number of attachment points, or their action. For instance, a muscle that produces flexion is termed a flexor, while the suffix -ceps indicates the number of heads in a muscle's attachment.
What is the primary function of the masseter muscle as described in the chapter?
The primary function of the masseter muscle is to facilitate chewing by closing the jaw.
Chapter 7: Nervous System and Mental Health
What are the possible causes of a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) according to the chapter?
Possible causes of a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) include blockage in a vessel supplying the brain, a ruptured blood vessel, and damage leading to hemorrhage. Risk factors contributing to stroke are hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart disease, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking, and heredity.
What are the common symptoms of a cerebral concussion mentioned in the chapter?
Common symptoms of a cerebral concussion include amnesia, headache, dizziness, vomiting, disorientation, and sometimes loss of consciousness.
What is the definition of bipolar disorder as described in the chapter?
Bipolar disorder is defined as a form of depression characterized by alternating episodes of depression and mania, which is a state of elation that may include agitation, hyperexcitability, or hyperactivity.
Chapter 8: Special Senses: Ear and Eye
Describe the role of the retina and the optic nerve in vision according to the chapter's learning objectives.
The retina serves as the innermost layer of the eye and acts as the visual receptor, containing specialized cells called rods and cones that respond to light. The optic nerve transmits the visual impulses generated by these cells to the brain, enabling vision.
How does otitis media differ from otitis externa in terms of symptoms and causes?
Otitis media is an infection of the middle ear characterized by fluid accumulation, often caused by a malfunction of the auditory tube or infections from the upper respiratory tract. In contrast, otitis externa is inflammation of the external auditory canal, typically resulting from fungal or bacterial infections, and is commonly known as swimmer's ear.
What are the main causes of sensorineural hearing loss as described in the chapter?
The main causes of sensorineural hearing loss include heredity, exposure to toxins, loud noise exposure, and the aging process. This type of hearing loss results from damage to the inner ear, the eighth cranial nerve, or central auditory pathways.
Chapter 9: Endocrine System
What condition is characterized by excessive thirst and the production of large amounts of very dilute urine due to insufficient release of ADH?
The condition characterized by excessive thirst and the production of large amounts of very dilute urine due to insufficient release of ADH is called diabetes insipidus.
What are the treatment options discussed for Graves disease in the case study of Jasmine?
The treatment options discussed for Jasmine's Graves disease include antithyroid medication, partial or total thyroidectomy, and radiation therapy. Dr. Gilbert decided that a medical regime with the antithyroid drug Tapazole would be appropriate for her.
Chapter 10: Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
What is the medical term for a 'heart attack' as defined in the chapter?
The medical term for a 'heart attack' is 'myocardial infarction.'
What are the three layers of the heart wall, and what does each layer consist of?
The three layers of the heart wall are the endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium. The endocardium is a thin membrane lining the chambers and valves, the myocardium is a thick muscle layer that constitutes most of the heart wall, and the epicardium is a thin membrane covering the heart.
What are the names and functions of the valves located between the heart chambers and major arteries?
The valves located between the heart chambers and major arteries are the atrioventricular (AV) valves and the semilunar valves. The right AV valve is the tricuspid valve, and the left AV valve is the mitral valve. The pulmonary valve is located at the entrance to the pulmonary artery, and the aortic valve is at the entrance to the aorta.
Chapter 11: Blood and Immunity
What are the three types of blood cells and their functions as described in the chapter on Blood and Immunity?
The three types of blood cells are erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets (thrombocytes). Erythrocytes carry oxygen to cells, leukocytes are involved in immunity and protect against pathogens, and platelets are essential for blood clotting.
What are the main components of whole blood and their respective percentages?
Whole blood consists of two main components: plasma, which makes up 55% of the total volume, and formed elements (blood cells), which account for 45%.
Chapter 12: Respiratory System
What is the term for the pulmonary disease characterized by the destruction of alveoli?
The term for the pulmonary disease characterized by the destruction of alveoli is emphysema.
How do the right and left primary bronchi differ in structure and function?
The right and left primary bronchi differ in size and branching. The right primary bronchus is shorter and wider, dividing into three secondary bronchi, while the left primary bronchus is longer and narrower, dividing into two secondary bronchi.
Chapter 13: Digestive System
What role do enzymes play in the digestive process according to the chapter?
Enzymes play a crucial role in the digestive process by acting as organic catalysts that speed up the chemical breakdown of food. They are necessary throughout digestion, from the mouth to the small intestine, where they help convert food into absorbable molecules.
What is the role of the lower esophageal sphincter in the digestive process?
The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) plays a crucial role in the digestive process by preventing the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus. A weak LES can lead to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), where acidic stomach juices irritate the esophagus, causing symptoms like heartburn.
Chapter 14: Urinary System
What are the primary causes of nephrotic syndrome as mentioned in the chapter?
The primary causes of nephrotic syndrome include glomerulonephritis, renal vein thrombosis, diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, toxins, or any condition that damages the glomeruli.
How does the structure of the male urethra differ from that of the female urethra?
The male urethra is longer, measuring about 20 cm (8 in), and serves dual functions by carrying both urine and semen. In contrast, the female urethra is shorter, approximately 4 cm (1.5 in), and is solely responsible for transporting urine.
Chapter 15: Male Reproductive System
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