What are the signs and symptoms of tension pneumothorax as described in the chapter?

Signs and symptoms of tension pneumothorax include severe dyspnea, marked tachycardia, neck vein distention, and profuse diaphoresis. Decreased or absent breath sounds may be noted on the affected side, and tracheal deviation occurs as a late sign.

Tension pneumothorax is characterized by the accumulation of air in the pleural space that cannot escape, leading to increased intrapleural pressure. This condition results in severe respiratory distress and cardiovascular compromise. The patient may exhibit cyanosis, air hunger, extreme agitation, and subcutaneous emphysema. If not promptly treated, tension pneumothorax can lead to inadequate cardiac output and severe hypoxemia, which can be fatal.