How does the text describe the 'black box' problem in deep learning models and why is it a challenge in domains like criminal justice and healthcare?

Key points

• Deep learning models are described as a 'black box' because their complexity makes results difficult to explain, even for specialists.
• In criminal justice and healthcare, decision-making must be both just and transparent.
• The opacity of deep learning models poses difficulties in these domains because it undermines the ability to provide clear, accountable reasoning for important judgments.